Assessing spatial and temporal changes in diversity of copepod crustaceans: a key step for biodiversity conservation in groundwater-fed springs

Despite the close attention springs have received from a hydrologic perspective and as biodiversity hotspots, multiple dimensions of spring meiofaunal assemblage diversity are still poorly investigated. Knowledge beta patterns drivers can inform improve management decisions on conservation. Here, we analyzed copepod assemblages in karst Central Italy by focusing on: 1) relative contributions turnover nestedness components to taxonomic phylogenetic diversity; 2) temporal variation species richness within between target conjunction with models influence physical-chemical parameters within-spring changes; 3) expected risk habitat loss due groundwater recharge under climate change. To this end, gathered data 168 samples collected four 2004 2016. Overall, found 48 species, 22 which obligate dwellers while remaining 26 usually occur surface freshwaters. All showed significant changes over time. Total was high for both dimensions, main component. Inter-site variability dissolved oxygen explained noticeable part diversity, likely reflecting role microhabitat heterogeneity shaping site-specific assemblages. However, most remained unexplained, suggesting major other factors, such seasonal discharge variations. Modelling rates all 2001–2020 suggested potential >40% deficit dry conditions. Moreover, Cellular Automata-based modelling rainfall Gran Sasso-Sirente hydrogeologic unit (feeding three springs) predicted an overall precipitation decrease 2081–2095 period. Such could produce severe effects springs’ microhabitats related communities. Our results indicate that partitioning monitoring its assessing environmental critical evidence-based conservation springs. Particularly, observed suggests strategies should seek preserve many possible among